LN for EO

With its large electro-optic coefficients, wide optical transparency window, and availability of high optical quality crystals, LN (lithium niobate) crystal is often the material of choice for optical modulation and Q-switch at near-infrared and infrared wavelengths. For electro-optic modulators (EOM) the crystal can be z-cut with zero residual birefringence along the direction of light propagation or x-cut with non-zero residual birefringence and the maximized effective electro-optic coefficient. For Q-switch the crystal is typically z-cut with zero residual birefringence and an electric field is applied transverse to the direction of light propagation. The piezoelectric ringing in LN is a disadvantage at high repetition frequency, but can be overcome to some extent with proper piezoelectrically damped designs.

Both pure LN and MgO doped LN (MgO:LN) crystals with gold coatings on side faces for electrodes are available from Newlight Photonics.

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Model	Name	wavelength	attr_size	aperture	Price	Availability	Action
EOL6250Z-UC	LiNbO3 crystal for E-O application, z-cut, size 6x6x25mm, Two z-faces polished/uncoated, Four side faces fine ground	uncoated	6x6x25mm		Ask	Out Of Stock
EOL6250Z-AR532	LiNbO3 crystal crystal for E-O application, z-cut, size 6x6x25mm, Two z-faces AR coated @ 532nm, Four side faces fine ground	532nm	6x6x25mm	6x6mm	Ask	Out Of Stock
EOL9250Z-AR1064	LN crystal for E-O application, z-cut, size 9x9x25mm, z-faces AR coated @ 1064nm, x-faces Au coated for electrodes	1064nm	9x9x25mm		Ask	Out Of Stock
EOL6250Z-AR1064	LN crystal for E-O application, z-cut, size 6x6x25mm, z-faces AR coated @ 1064nm, x-faces Au coated for electrodes	1064nm	6x6x25mm		Ask	Out Of Stock
EOL3200Z-AR1064	LN crystal for E-O application, z-cut, size 3x3x20mm, z-faces AR coated @ 1064nm, x-faces Au coated for electrodes	1064nm	3x3x20mm		Ask	Out Of Stock
EOL3050Z-AR1550	LN crystal for E-O application, z-cut, size 3x3x5mm, z-faces AR coated @ 1550nm, x-faces Au coated for electrodes	1550nm	3x3x 5mm		Ask	Out Of Stock
EOL3100Z-AR1550	LN crystal for E-O application, z-cut, size 3x3x10mm, z-faces AR coated @ 1550nm, x-faces Au coated for electrodes	1550nm	3x3x10mm		Ask	Out Of Stock
EOL3300Z-AR1550	LN crystal for E-O application, z-cut, size 3x3x30mm, z-faces AR coated @ 1550nm, x-faces Au coated for electrodes	1550nm	3x3x30mm		Ask	Out Of Stock
EOL3050X-AR1550	LN crystal for E-O application, x-cut, size 3x3x5mm, x-faces AR coated @ 1550nm, z-faces Au coated for electrodes	1550nm	3x3x 5mm		USD$1,049.00	Out Of Stock
EOL3100X-AR1550	LN crystal for E-O application, x-cut, size 3x3x10mm, x-faces AR coated @ 1550nm, z-faces Au coated for electrodes	1550nm	3x3x10mm		Ask	Out Of Stock
EOL5100X-AR1550	LN crystal for E-O application, x-cut, size 5x5x10mm, x-faces AR coated @ 1550nm, z-faces Au coated for electrodes	1550nm	5x5x10mm		Ask	Out Of Stock
EOL23150X-AR1550	LN crystal for E-O application, x-cut, 2(y)x3(z)x15(x)mm, two x-faces (2x3mm) AR coated @ 1550nm (R<0.2%@1550nm), two z-faces (2x15mm) Au coated for electrodes.	1550nm	2x3x15mm		Ask	Out Of Stock
EOML9250Z-AR1064	MgO:LN crystal for E-O application, z-cut, size 9x9x25mm, z-faces AR coated @ 1064nm, x-faces Au coated for electrodes	1064nm	9x9x25mm		Ask	Out Of Stock
EOML6250Z-AR1064	MgO:LN crystal for E-O application, z-cut, size 6x6x25mm, z-faces AR coated @ 1064nm, x-faces Au coated for electrodes	1064nm	6x6x25mm		Ask	Out Of Stock
EOML3300Z-AR1064	MgO:LN crystal for E-O application, z-cut, size 3x3x30mm, z-faces AR coated @ 1064nm, x-faces Au coated for electrodes	1064nm	3x3x30mm		Ask	Out Of Stock

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Basic Properties of pure LiNbO₃:

Crystal Structure	Trigonal, Space group R3C, Point group 3m
Cell Parameters	a=5.148 Å , c=13.863 Å
Melting Point	1253^oC
Curie Temperature	1140^oC
Mohs Hardness	5
Density:	4.64 g/cm³
Specific Heat:	0.59 J/g/K
Optical Homogeneity	~ 5x10^-5/cm
Transparency Range	420 -- 5200 nm
Absorption Coefficient	~0.1% /cm @ 1064 nm
Refractive indices at 1064 nm (Pure LN)	n_e= 2.146, no = 2.220 @ 1300 nm n_e = 2.156, no = 2.232 @ 1064 nm n_e = 2.203, no = 2.286 @ 632.8 nm
Thermal Expansion Coefficient (@ 25 ^oC)	//a, 2.0x10^-6/K
Thermal Expansion Coefficient (@ 25 ^oC)	//c, 16.7x10^-6/K
Thermal Conductivity:	~ 5 W/m/K at 25^oC
Thermal Optical Coefficient	dn_o/dT=-0.874x10^-6/K at 1.4 µm dn_e/dT=39.073x10^-6/K at 1.4 µm
The Sellmeier equations (Pure LN)) (λ in µm)	n_o² = 4.9048+0.11768/(λ²-0.04750)-0.027169λ² n_e² = 4.5820+0.099169/(λ²-0.04443)-0.021950λ²

Nonlinear Optical Properties:

NLO Coefficients	d₃₃ = 34.4 pm/V d₃₁ = d₁₅ = 5.95 pm/V d₂₂ = 3.07 pm/V
Effective NLO coefficients	d_eff =5.7 pm/V for frequency doubling 1300 nm; d_eff =5.3 pm/V for OPO pumped at 1064 nm; d_eff =17.6 pm/V for quasi-phase-matched structure.
Electro-Optic Coefficients	γT₃₃ = 32 pm/V, γs₃₃ = 31 pm/V, γT₃₁ = 10 pm/V, γs₃₁ = 8.6 pm/V, γT₂₂ = 6.8 pm/V, γs₂₂ = 3.4 pm/V,
Photorefractive Damage Threshold	50 MW/cm² (10 ns, 1064 nm)
Surface Damage Threshold	300 MW/cm² (10 ns, 1064 nm)

MgO doped LiNbO₃ (MgO:LN) has similar linear and nonlinear optical properties to pure LiNbO3, but the photorefractive damage threshold is much higher.

The Sellmeier equations of MgO:LN are:

MgO dopant 5 mol%

n_o² = 4.9017+0.112280/(λ²-0.049656)-0.039636λ²
n_e² = 4.5583+0.091806/(λ²-0.048086)-0.032068λ²

MgO dopant 7 mol%

n_o² = 4.8762+0.11554/(λ²-0.04674)-0.033119λ²
n_e² = 4.5469+0.094779/(λ²-0.04439)-0.026721λ²

Specifications of LN EO components:

Wavefront Distortion:	Less than λ/8 @ 633 nm
Dimension Tolerance:	(W+/-0.1 mm) x (H+/-0.1 mm) x (L+0.5/-0.1 mm)
Clear Aperture:	> 90% central area
Flatness:	λ/8 @ 633 nm
Surface Quality:	Scratch/Dig 10/5 per MIL-O-13830A
Parallelism:	better than 20 arc seconds
Perpendicularity:	5 arc minutes
Angle Tolerance:	Δθ < 0.5o, Δφ < 0.5o

Orientations:

Optical modulation: z-cut crystal with the two X side faces Au coated,
or, x-cut crystal with the two Z side faces Au coated.

Q-Switch: z-cut crystal with the two X side faces Au coated.

Coatings:

Uncoated crystals or crystals with high quality AR coatings are available upon request.

AR Coatings: R < 0.3% at the central wavelength,
Broadband AR: R < 1% over the specified range.

Half Wavelength Voltages for Q-Switch:

Part No.	Description	V_π (kV)
EOL9250Z-AR1064	LN crystal for E-O application, z-cut, size 9x9x25 mm, z-faces AR coated @ 1064 nm, x-faces Au coated for electrodes	2.7
EOL6250Z-AR1064	LN crystal for E-O application, z-cut, size 6x6x25 mm, z-faces AR coated @ 1064 nm, x-faces Au coated for electrodes	1.8
EOL3100Z-AR1064	LN crystal for E-O application, z-cut, size 3x3x10 mm, z-faces AR coated @ 1064 nm, x-faces Au coated for electrodes	2.3
EOL3200Z-AR1064	LN crystal for E-O application, z-cut, size 3x3x20 mm, z-faces AR coated @ 1064 nm, x-faces Au coated for electrodes	1.2
EOL3300Z-AR1064	LN crystal for E-O application, z-cut, size 3x3x30 mm, z-faces AR coated @ 1064 nm, x-faces Au coated for electrodes	0.8
EOL3100Z-AR1550	LN crystal for E-O application, z-cut, size 3x3x10 mm, z-faces AR coated @ 1550 nm, x-faces Au coated for electrodes	3.4
EOML9250Z-AR1064	MgO:LN crystal for E-O application, z-cut, size 9x9x25 mm, z-faces AR coated @ 1064 nm, x-faces Au coated for electrodes	2.7
EOML6250Z-AR1064	MgO:LN crystal for E-O application, z-cut, size 6x6x25 mm, z-faces AR coated @ 1064 nm, x-faces Au coated for electrodes	1.8
EOML3100Z-AR1064	MgO:LN crystal for E-O application, z-cut, size 3x3x10 mm, z-faces AR coated @ 1064 nm, x-faces Au coated for electrodes	2.3
EOML3200Z-AR1064	MgO:LN crystal for E-O application, z-cut, size 3x3x20 mm, z-faces AR coated @ 1064 nm, x-faces Au coated for electrodes	1.2
EOML3300Z-AR1064	MgO:LN crystal for E-O application, z-cut, size 3x3x30 mm, z-faces AR coated @ 1064 nm, x-faces Au coated for electrodes	0.8
EOML3100Z-AR1550	MgO:LN crystal for E-O application, z-cut, size 3x3x10 mm, z-faces AR coated @ 1550 nm, x-faces Au coated for electrodes	3.4